Kasphia Nahrin
Analysis of inclusionary housing as an urban planning instrument of the North in the South: the context of Dhaka Urban Development Issues, vol. 58, 19–27. DOI: 10.2478/udi-2018-0020
Keywords: inclusionary housing, affordability, social inclusion
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ABSTRACT
Many cities in the North are adopting an inclusionary housing policy in response to housing affordability and social inclusion, which is implemented in very few cities in the South. There is a research gap to determine the potential of this planning instrument in the fast growing cities in developing countries. This research reviews the possibility of implementing inclusionary housing policies there. This is case study research, which has selected Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh, as a case study city. Data have been collected from both primary sources (site surveys and in-depth semi-structured interviews) and secondary sources. A qualitative thematic analysis has been performed. This research revealed that implementing inclusionary housing policy in Dhaka is currently challenging due to the lack of legal, financial and organisational capacity. However, this policy can be enabled through the revision of housing policy, the legal and institutional frameworks, financial mechanisms, the knowledge base, and finally through political will.
Many cities in the North are adopting an inclusionary housing policy in response to housing affordability and social inclusion, which is implemented in very few cities in the South. There is a research gap to determine the potential of this planning instrument in the fast growing cities in developing countries. This research reviews the possibility of implementing inclusionary housing policies there. This is case study research, which has selected Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh, as a case study city. Data have been collected from both primary sources (site surveys and in-depth semi-structured interviews) and secondary sources. A qualitative thematic analysis has been performed. This research revealed that implementing inclusionary housing policy in Dhaka is currently challenging due to the lack of legal, financial and organisational capacity. However, this policy can be enabled through the revision of housing policy, the legal and institutional frameworks, financial mechanisms, the knowledge base, and finally through political will.
REFERENCES
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Varley, A. (1987) The relationship between tenure legalization and housing improvements: evidence from Mexico city, Development and Change, 18 (3), 463–481.
Watson, V. (2009) Seeing from the South: refocusing urban planning on the globe’s central urban issues, Urban Studies, 46 (11), 2259–2275.
Alam, M. J. & Ahmad, M. M. (2010) Analysing the lacunae in planning and implementation: spatial development of Dhaka city and its impacts upon the built environment, International Journal of Urban Sustainable Development, 2 (1), 85–106.
Basolo, V. (2011) Viewpoint- Inclusionary housing: the controversy continues, The Town Planning Review, 82 (2), i–vi.
Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (2011) Population and Housing Census 2011: Preliminary Results, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Planning Division, Ministry of Planning, Government of Bangladesh, Dhaka.
Calavita, N. & Mallach, A. (2010) Inclusionary housing in international perspective: Affordable housing, social inclusion, and land value recapture, Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, Cambridge, MA.
Centre of Urban Studies (2005) Survey of Slums in Dhaka, Centre of Urban Studies, Dhaka.
De Soto, H. (1989) The Other Path: The Invisible Revolution in the Third World, I. B. Taurus, London.
DMDP (1997) Dhaka Metropolitan Area Development Plan (1995-2015), Structure Plan, vol. I, Rajdhani Unnayan Kartripakkha [RAJUK], Dhaka.
Ferguson, B. (1996) The environmental impacts and public costs of unguided informal settlement: the case of Montego Bay, Environment and Urbanization, 8 (2), 171–194.
Islam, I. (2009) Wetlands of Dhaka Metro Area: A Study from Social, Economic and Institutional Perspectives, A H Development Publishing House, Dhaka.
Islam, N. (2005) Dhaka Now: Contemporary Urban Development, Bangladesh Geographical Society, Dhaka.
Islam, N., Shafi, S. A. & Moniruzzaman, M., 27.06.2009, A comprehensive housing development programme, The Daily Star [online].
Available from: http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=94295 [accessed: 2.11. 2016].
Kamruzzaman, M. & Ogura, N. (2012) Policy paradox in housing supply for the urban poor: A case of Dhaka City, Bangladesh.
Available from: http://management.kochi-tech.ac.jp/PDF/ssms2009/sms09_182.pdf [accessed: 20.03.2016].
Meda, J. B. (2010) Homelessness among Migrants in Spain, European Journal of Homelessness, 4, 139-154.
Mekawy, H. S. (2014) Role of planning mechanisms in affordable housing delivery: Inclusionary zoning, International Journal of Development and Sustainability, 3 (9), 1927–1945.
Milligan, V. R., Dielema, F. M. & Kempen, R. van (2006) Impacts of contrasting housing policies on low-income households in Australia and the Netherlands, Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 21 (3), 237–255.
Rahman, K. K. (2008) Development of housing finance and its impact on socio-economic uplift in the emerging economy in Bangladesh, Proceedings of the IFC Conference on Measuring financial innovation and its impact, Basel, 26–27 August 2008, IFC Bulletin, 31, 97-110.
Available from: http://www.bis.org/ifc/publ/ifcb31i.pdf [accessed 03.03.2016].
Rahman, M. M. (2001) Bastee eviction and housing rights: a case of Dhaka, Bangladesh, Habitat International, 25, 49–67.
Schuetz, J., Meltzer, R. & Been, V. (2007) The effects of inclusionary zoning on local housing markets: lessons from the San Francisco, Washington DC and suburban Boston areas, Working paper, Furman Center for Real Estate and Urban Policy, New York University.
Available from: www.nhc.org/pdf/pub_chp_iz_08.pdf [accessed: 10.11.2016].
Schwartz, H., Ecola, L., Leuschner, K. & Kofner, A. (2012) Is inclusionary zoning inclusionary? A guide for practitioners, environment, energy, and economic development, A RAND Infrastructure, safety, and environment program. Available from: https://www.rand.org/pubs/technical_reports/TR1231.html [accessed: 09.11.2016].
Seraj, T. M. (2007) Potentiality of Private Housing Company and Future Direction, paper presented in Seminar on the REHAB Week 2007 in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
Struyk, R. J. & Lynn, R. (1983) Determinants of housing investment in slum areas: Tondo and Other Locations in Metro Manila, Land Economics, 59 (4), 444–454.
UNFPA [United Nations Population Fund] (2007) State of World Population 2007: Unleashing the Potential of Urban Growth, UNFPA.
Available from: http://www.unfpa.org/webdav/site/global/shared/documents/publications/2007/695_filename_sowp2007_eng.pdf
[accessed: 12.01 2015].
UN-Habitat (2008) State of the World Cities 2008/2009, Harmonious Cities. Earthscan, United London Sterling-VA.
Available from: http://www.clc.org.sg/pdf/UN-HABITAT%20Report%20Overview.pdf [accessed: 22.01.2016].
UN-Habitat (2009) Planning Sustainable Cities, Global Report on Human Settlements 2009. Earthscan, London Sterling-VA.
Available from: http://www.unhabitat.org/downloads/docs/GRHS2009/GRHS.2009.pdf [accessed: 06.01.2015].
Varley, A. (1987) The relationship between tenure legalization and housing improvements: evidence from Mexico city, Development and Change, 18 (3), 463–481.
Watson, V. (2009) Seeing from the South: refocusing urban planning on the globe’s central urban issues, Urban Studies, 46 (11), 2259–2275.