UDI Volume 61 (March 2019) |
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ABSTRACT
Gentrification is no-longer, if it ever was, a small scale process of urban transformation. Gentrification globally is more often practised as large scale urban redevelopment. It is state-led or state-induced. The results are clear – the displacement and disenfranchisement of low income groups in favour of wealthier in-movers. So, why has gentrification come to dominate policy making worldwide and what can be done about it?
Gentrification is no-longer, if it ever was, a small scale process of urban transformation. Gentrification globally is more often practised as large scale urban redevelopment. It is state-led or state-induced. The results are clear – the displacement and disenfranchisement of low income groups in favour of wealthier in-movers. So, why has gentrification come to dominate policy making worldwide and what can be done about it?
REFERENCES
Atkinson, R. & Bridge G., eds., (2005) Gentrification in a Global Context: The New Urban Colonialism, Routledge, London.
Badyina, A. & Golubchikov, O. (2005) Gentrification in central Moscow - a market process or a deliberate policy? Money, power and people in housing regeneration in Ostozhenka, Geografiska Annaler B, 87, 113–129.
Bernt, M. (2016) How post-socialist is gentrification? Observations in East Berlin and Saint Petersburg, Eurasian Geography and Economics, 57(4-5), 565–587.
Bernt, M., Marcińczak, S. & Gentile, M. (2015) Gentrification in post-communist countries: An introduction, Geografie 120(2), 104–112.
Brenner, N. & Schmid, C. (2012) Planetary urbanization, [in:] M. Gandy, ed., Urban Constellations, Jovis, Berlin, 10–13.
Chelcea, L., 14.03.2018, „The Housing Question” in Eastern Europe Today: Gentrification in Post-Socialist Cities, online lecture.
Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QR5VNEJABS8 [accessed: 27.02.2019].
Clark, E. (2005) The order and simplicity of gentrification - a political challenge, [in:] R. Atkinson & G. Bridge, eds., Gentrification in a Global Context: The New Urban Colonialism, Routledge, London, 256–264.
Davidson, M. & Lees, L. (2005) New-build “gentrification” and London’s riverside renaissance, Environment and Planning A, 37(7), 1165–1190.
Davidson, M. & Lees, L. (2010) New-Build Gentrification: its histories, trajectories, and critical geographies, Population, Space and Place, 16, 395–411.
Florida, R. (2008) Who’s Your City?: How the Creative Economy Is Making Where to Live the Most Important Decision of Your Life, Basic Books, New York.
Gentile, M. (2018) Gentrifications in the Planetary Elsewhere: tele-urbanization, Schengtrification, colour-splashing, and the mirage of “more-than-adequate” critical theory, Urban Geography, 39(10), 1455–1464.
Ghertner, A. (2015) Why gentrification theory fails in ‘much of the world’, City, 19(4), 546–556.
Glass, R. (1964) Introduction: aspects of change, [in:] Centre for Urban Studies, ed., London: Aspects of Change, MacKibbon and Kee, London.
Górczyńska, M. (2017) Gentrifiers in the post-socialist city? A critical reflection on the dynamics of middle- and upper-class professional groups in Warsaw, Environment and Planning A, 49(5), 1099–1121. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518X16688218[accessed: 27.02.2019].
He, S. & Liu, Y. (2010) Mechanism and consequences of China’s gentrification under market transition, Scientia Geographica Sinica, 30(4), 496–502.
He, S. (2007) State sponsored gentrification under market transition: the case of Shanghai, Urban Affairs Review, 43(2), 171–198.
He, S. (2012) Two waves of gentrification and emerging rights issues in Guangzhou, China, Environment and Planning A, 44(12), 2817–2833.
Helbrecht, I., ed., (2018) Gentrification and Resistance: Researching Displacement Processes and Adaption Strategies, Springer, Wiesbaden.
Holm, A. & Schulz, G. (2018) GentriMap: A Model for Measuring Gentrification and Displacement, [in:] I. Helbrecht, ed., Gentrification and Resistance: Researching Displacement Processes and Adaption Strategies, Springer, Wiesbaden, 251–277.
Holm, A., Marcińczak, S. & Ogrodowczyk, A. (2015) New-build gentrification in the post-socialist city: Lodz and Leipzig two decades after socialism, Geografie, 120, 165–187.
Hubbard, P. & Lees, L. (2018) The right to community: legal geographies of resistance on London’s final gentrification frontier, City, 22(1), 8–25.
İslam, T. & Sakızlıoğlu, B. (2015) The making of, and resistance to, state-led gentrification in Istanbul, Turkey, [in:] L. Lees, H.B. Shin & E. López-Morales, eds., Global Gentrifications: uneven development and displacement, Policy Press, Bristol, 245–264.
Kovacs, Z. (1998) Ghettoization or gentrification? Post-socialist sce-narios for Budapest, Netherlands Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 13(1), 63–81.
Lees, L. (2012) The geography of gentrification: thinking through comparative urbanism, Progress in Human Geography, 36(2), 155–171.
Lees, L. (2014) Gentrification in the Global South?, [in:] S. Parnell & S. Oldfield, eds., The Routledge Handbook on Cities of the Global South, Routledge, New York, 506–521.
Lees, L., Shin, H.B. & López-Morales, E. (2016) Planetary Gentrification, Polity Press, Cambridge.
Lees, L., Shin, H.B. & López-Morales, E., eds., (2015) Global Gentrifications: uneven development and displacement, Policy Press, Bristol.
Lees, L., Slater, T. & Wyly, E. (2008) Gentrification, Routledge, New York.
Ley, D. & Teo, S. (2014) Gentrification in Hong Kong? epistemology versus ontology, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 38(4), 1286–1303.
Ley, D. (1996) The New Middle Class and the Remaking of the Central City, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Maloutas, T. (2012) Contextual diversity in gentrification research, Critical Sociology, 38(1), 33–48.
Merrifield, A. (2013) The urban question under planetary urbanization, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 37(3), 909–922.
Merrifield, A. (2014) The new urban question, Pluto Press, London.
Myambo, M. T., 9.05.2017, In their rush to become “global”, cities risk creating spatial apartheid, The conversation.
Available from: http://theconversation.com/in-their-rush-to-become-global-cities-risk-creating-spatial-apartheid-77200 [accessed: 27.02.2019].
Phillips, M. (2004) Other geographies of gentrification, Progress in Human Geography, 28(1), 5-30.
Ren, J. (2015) Gentrification in China? [in:] L. Lees, H.B. Shin & E. López-Morales, eds., Global Gentrifications: uneven development and displacement, Policy Press, Bristol, 329–348.
Schindler, S. (2015) Governing the Twenty-First-Century metropolis and transforming territory, Territory, Politics, Governance, 3(1), 7–26.
Shin, H.B. & López-Morales, E. (2018) Beyond Anglo-American Gentrification Theory, [in:] L. Lees, with M. Phillips, eds., Handbook of Gentrification Studies, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, 13–25.
Shin, H.B. (2009) Property-based redevelopment and gentrification: The case of Seoul, South Korea, Geoforum, 40(5), 906–917.
Shin, H.B., Lees, L. & López-Morales, E. (2016) Introduction: Locating Gentrification in the Global East, Urban Studies, 53(3), 455–470.
Slater, T. (2017), Planetary rent gaps, Antipode, 49(s1), 114–137.
Slater, T. (2018) Rent gaps, [in:] L. Lees, with M. Phillips, eds., Handbook of Gentrification Studies, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, 119–133.
Smith, N. (2002) New globalism, new urbanism: gentrification as global urban strategy, Antipode 34(3), 427–450.
Steele, J. (2018) Self renovating neighbourhoods as an alternative to gentrification or decline, [in:] L. Lees, with M. Phillips, eds., Handbook of Gentrification Studies, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, 467–480.
Sýkora, L. (1993) City in transition: the role of the rent gap in Prague’s revitalization, Tijdschrift voor Economisce en Sociale Geografie, 84(4), 281–293.
Sztybel-Boberek, M., Jakóbczyk-Gryszkiewicz, J. & Wolaniuk, A. (2017) Post-socialist gentrification in Polish cities, European Spatial Research and Policy, 2, 145–166.
UN Habitat (2010/11) State of the World’s Cities 2010/11: Cities for All, Bridging the Urban Divide, UN-HABITAT. Wainwright O., 29.09.2016, Gentrification is a global problem. It’s time we found a better solution,
The Guardian. Available from: https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/sep/29/gentrification-global-problem-better-solution-oliver-wainwright
[accessed: 27.02.2019].
Internet sources
Fifth Avenue Committee website: http://www.fifthave.org [accessed: 27.02.2019].
Rock House website: https://www.rockhouse.org.uk/ [accessed: 27.02.2019].
Atkinson, R. & Bridge G., eds., (2005) Gentrification in a Global Context: The New Urban Colonialism, Routledge, London.
Badyina, A. & Golubchikov, O. (2005) Gentrification in central Moscow - a market process or a deliberate policy? Money, power and people in housing regeneration in Ostozhenka, Geografiska Annaler B, 87, 113–129.
Bernt, M. (2016) How post-socialist is gentrification? Observations in East Berlin and Saint Petersburg, Eurasian Geography and Economics, 57(4-5), 565–587.
Bernt, M., Marcińczak, S. & Gentile, M. (2015) Gentrification in post-communist countries: An introduction, Geografie 120(2), 104–112.
Brenner, N. & Schmid, C. (2012) Planetary urbanization, [in:] M. Gandy, ed., Urban Constellations, Jovis, Berlin, 10–13.
Chelcea, L., 14.03.2018, „The Housing Question” in Eastern Europe Today: Gentrification in Post-Socialist Cities, online lecture.
Available from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QR5VNEJABS8 [accessed: 27.02.2019].
Clark, E. (2005) The order and simplicity of gentrification - a political challenge, [in:] R. Atkinson & G. Bridge, eds., Gentrification in a Global Context: The New Urban Colonialism, Routledge, London, 256–264.
Davidson, M. & Lees, L. (2005) New-build “gentrification” and London’s riverside renaissance, Environment and Planning A, 37(7), 1165–1190.
Davidson, M. & Lees, L. (2010) New-Build Gentrification: its histories, trajectories, and critical geographies, Population, Space and Place, 16, 395–411.
Florida, R. (2008) Who’s Your City?: How the Creative Economy Is Making Where to Live the Most Important Decision of Your Life, Basic Books, New York.
Gentile, M. (2018) Gentrifications in the Planetary Elsewhere: tele-urbanization, Schengtrification, colour-splashing, and the mirage of “more-than-adequate” critical theory, Urban Geography, 39(10), 1455–1464.
Ghertner, A. (2015) Why gentrification theory fails in ‘much of the world’, City, 19(4), 546–556.
Glass, R. (1964) Introduction: aspects of change, [in:] Centre for Urban Studies, ed., London: Aspects of Change, MacKibbon and Kee, London.
Górczyńska, M. (2017) Gentrifiers in the post-socialist city? A critical reflection on the dynamics of middle- and upper-class professional groups in Warsaw, Environment and Planning A, 49(5), 1099–1121. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518X16688218[accessed: 27.02.2019].
He, S. & Liu, Y. (2010) Mechanism and consequences of China’s gentrification under market transition, Scientia Geographica Sinica, 30(4), 496–502.
He, S. (2007) State sponsored gentrification under market transition: the case of Shanghai, Urban Affairs Review, 43(2), 171–198.
He, S. (2012) Two waves of gentrification and emerging rights issues in Guangzhou, China, Environment and Planning A, 44(12), 2817–2833.
Helbrecht, I., ed., (2018) Gentrification and Resistance: Researching Displacement Processes and Adaption Strategies, Springer, Wiesbaden.
Holm, A. & Schulz, G. (2018) GentriMap: A Model for Measuring Gentrification and Displacement, [in:] I. Helbrecht, ed., Gentrification and Resistance: Researching Displacement Processes and Adaption Strategies, Springer, Wiesbaden, 251–277.
Holm, A., Marcińczak, S. & Ogrodowczyk, A. (2015) New-build gentrification in the post-socialist city: Lodz and Leipzig two decades after socialism, Geografie, 120, 165–187.
Hubbard, P. & Lees, L. (2018) The right to community: legal geographies of resistance on London’s final gentrification frontier, City, 22(1), 8–25.
İslam, T. & Sakızlıoğlu, B. (2015) The making of, and resistance to, state-led gentrification in Istanbul, Turkey, [in:] L. Lees, H.B. Shin & E. López-Morales, eds., Global Gentrifications: uneven development and displacement, Policy Press, Bristol, 245–264.
Kovacs, Z. (1998) Ghettoization or gentrification? Post-socialist sce-narios for Budapest, Netherlands Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 13(1), 63–81.
Lees, L. (2012) The geography of gentrification: thinking through comparative urbanism, Progress in Human Geography, 36(2), 155–171.
Lees, L. (2014) Gentrification in the Global South?, [in:] S. Parnell & S. Oldfield, eds., The Routledge Handbook on Cities of the Global South, Routledge, New York, 506–521.
Lees, L., Shin, H.B. & López-Morales, E. (2016) Planetary Gentrification, Polity Press, Cambridge.
Lees, L., Shin, H.B. & López-Morales, E., eds., (2015) Global Gentrifications: uneven development and displacement, Policy Press, Bristol.
Lees, L., Slater, T. & Wyly, E. (2008) Gentrification, Routledge, New York.
Ley, D. & Teo, S. (2014) Gentrification in Hong Kong? epistemology versus ontology, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 38(4), 1286–1303.
Ley, D. (1996) The New Middle Class and the Remaking of the Central City, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Maloutas, T. (2012) Contextual diversity in gentrification research, Critical Sociology, 38(1), 33–48.
Merrifield, A. (2013) The urban question under planetary urbanization, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 37(3), 909–922.
Merrifield, A. (2014) The new urban question, Pluto Press, London.
Myambo, M. T., 9.05.2017, In their rush to become “global”, cities risk creating spatial apartheid, The conversation.
Available from: http://theconversation.com/in-their-rush-to-become-global-cities-risk-creating-spatial-apartheid-77200 [accessed: 27.02.2019].
Phillips, M. (2004) Other geographies of gentrification, Progress in Human Geography, 28(1), 5-30.
Ren, J. (2015) Gentrification in China? [in:] L. Lees, H.B. Shin & E. López-Morales, eds., Global Gentrifications: uneven development and displacement, Policy Press, Bristol, 329–348.
Schindler, S. (2015) Governing the Twenty-First-Century metropolis and transforming territory, Territory, Politics, Governance, 3(1), 7–26.
Shin, H.B. & López-Morales, E. (2018) Beyond Anglo-American Gentrification Theory, [in:] L. Lees, with M. Phillips, eds., Handbook of Gentrification Studies, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, 13–25.
Shin, H.B. (2009) Property-based redevelopment and gentrification: The case of Seoul, South Korea, Geoforum, 40(5), 906–917.
Shin, H.B., Lees, L. & López-Morales, E. (2016) Introduction: Locating Gentrification in the Global East, Urban Studies, 53(3), 455–470.
Slater, T. (2017), Planetary rent gaps, Antipode, 49(s1), 114–137.
Slater, T. (2018) Rent gaps, [in:] L. Lees, with M. Phillips, eds., Handbook of Gentrification Studies, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, 119–133.
Smith, N. (2002) New globalism, new urbanism: gentrification as global urban strategy, Antipode 34(3), 427–450.
Steele, J. (2018) Self renovating neighbourhoods as an alternative to gentrification or decline, [in:] L. Lees, with M. Phillips, eds., Handbook of Gentrification Studies, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, 467–480.
Sýkora, L. (1993) City in transition: the role of the rent gap in Prague’s revitalization, Tijdschrift voor Economisce en Sociale Geografie, 84(4), 281–293.
Sztybel-Boberek, M., Jakóbczyk-Gryszkiewicz, J. & Wolaniuk, A. (2017) Post-socialist gentrification in Polish cities, European Spatial Research and Policy, 2, 145–166.
UN Habitat (2010/11) State of the World’s Cities 2010/11: Cities for All, Bridging the Urban Divide, UN-HABITAT. Wainwright O., 29.09.2016, Gentrification is a global problem. It’s time we found a better solution,
The Guardian. Available from: https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2016/sep/29/gentrification-global-problem-better-solution-oliver-wainwright
[accessed: 27.02.2019].
Internet sources
Fifth Avenue Committee website: http://www.fifthave.org [accessed: 27.02.2019].
Rock House website: https://www.rockhouse.org.uk/ [accessed: 27.02.2019].