UDI Volume 64 (December 2019) |
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ABSTRACT
A policy instrument promoting a free fare public transport policy (FFPT) has recently been put into practice in 66 municipalities across Poland. By contributing to the academic debate on the concept of FFPT (e.g. Kębłowski 2019), the main goal of this paper is to create a typology of the schemes where FFPT is in operation in Poland based on analyses of a geographical mapping of these projects. This study analyses how different municipalities are implementing the concept in order to define a typology of FFTP projects and to understand how the development landscape of the urban transport system is changing in the light of free fare transport policies, topics which are not fully covered in the academic literature. The findings confirm that there is a new dynamic in the development of urban transport systems and permit the identification of key characteristics of this trend. Besides the typology of implementation of FFPT, the study also presents an up-to-date inventory of FFPT projects with the key characteristic features of each system. Although the study does not provide specific recommendations regarding the introduction of a FFPT policy, it represents a good starting point for future and more detailed studies. Such studies are necessary in order to understand the role of FFPT not only in the context of the development of a given transport system, its impact on modal split, and travel behaviour, but also to uncover the different politics which lie behind them.
A policy instrument promoting a free fare public transport policy (FFPT) has recently been put into practice in 66 municipalities across Poland. By contributing to the academic debate on the concept of FFPT (e.g. Kębłowski 2019), the main goal of this paper is to create a typology of the schemes where FFPT is in operation in Poland based on analyses of a geographical mapping of these projects. This study analyses how different municipalities are implementing the concept in order to define a typology of FFTP projects and to understand how the development landscape of the urban transport system is changing in the light of free fare transport policies, topics which are not fully covered in the academic literature. The findings confirm that there is a new dynamic in the development of urban transport systems and permit the identification of key characteristics of this trend. Besides the typology of implementation of FFPT, the study also presents an up-to-date inventory of FFPT projects with the key characteristic features of each system. Although the study does not provide specific recommendations regarding the introduction of a FFPT policy, it represents a good starting point for future and more detailed studies. Such studies are necessary in order to understand the role of FFPT not only in the context of the development of a given transport system, its impact on modal split, and travel behaviour, but also to uncover the different politics which lie behind them.
REFERENCES
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Cats, O., Reimal, T. & Susilo, Y. (2017) The prospects of fare-free public transport: evidence from Tallinn, Transportation, 44, 1083–1104.
De Witte, A., Macharis, C., Lannoy, P., Pollain, C., Steenberghen, T. & De Walle, S. V. (2006) The impact of ‘ free’ public transport: The case of Brussels, Transportation Research Part A, 40, 671–689.
De Witte, A., Macharis, C. & Mairesse, O. (2008) How persuasive is ‘free’ public transport? A survey among commuters in the Brussels Capital Region, Transport Policy, 15, 216–224.
Fearnley, N. (2013) Free Fares Policies: Impact on Public Transport Mode Share and Other Transport Policy Goals, International Journal of Transportation, 1, 75–90.
Fuji, S. & Ryuichi, K. (2003) What does a one-month free bus ticket do to habitual drivers? An experimental analysis of habit and attitude change, Transportation, 30, 81–95.
Gałka, J. & Warych-Juras, A. (2018) Suburbanization and migration in Polish metropolitan areas during political transition, Acta Geographica Slovenica, 58, 63–72.
Gehl, J. (2010) Cities for People, Island Press, Washington.
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Goeverden, V. C., Rietveld, P., Koelemeijer, J. & Peeters, P. (2006) Subsidies in public transport, European Transport, 11, 5–25.
Hess, B. D. (2017) Decrypting fare-free public transport in Tallinn, Estonia, Case Studies on Transport Policy, 5, 690–698.
Johansson, H., Sandvik, O. K., Zsidákovits, J. & Łutczyk, K. (2016) A need for new methods in the paradigm shift from mobility to sustainable accessibility, Transportation Research Procedia, 14, 412–421.
Kębłowski, W. (2019) Why (not) abolished fares? Exploring the global geography of free-fare public transport, Transportation, 11116, 1–29.
Kębłowski, W., Tuvikene, T., Pikner, T. & Jauhiainen, J. S. (2019) Towards an urban political geography of transport: Unpacking the political and scalar dynamics of fare-free public transport in Tallinn, Estonia, Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space, 37(6), 967–984.
Lehman, S. (2015) Low carbon cities: transforming urban systems, Routledge, London.
Ministerstwo Transportu Budownictwa i Gospodarki Morskiej (2013) Strategia Rozwoju Transportu do 2020 roku (z perspektywą do 2030 roku), Warszawa. Available from: https://www.gov.pl/web/infrastruktura/strategia-rozwoju-transportu-do-2020-roku-z-perspektywa-do-2030-roku [accessed: 17.09.2019].
Pojani, D. & Stead, D. (2015) Sustainable Transport in the Developing World: Beyond Megacities, Sustainability, 7, 7784–7805.
Rosik, P., Pomianowski, W., Goliszek, S., Stępniak, M., Kowalczyk, K., Guzik, R., Kołoś, A. & Komornicki, T. (2017) Multimodalna dostępność transportem publicznym gmin w Polsce, IGiPZ Pan, Warszawa [in Polish].
Sheller, M & Urry, J. (2006) The new mobilities paradigm, Environment and Planning A, 38, 207–206.
Scheiner, J. I. & Starling, G. (1974) The Political Economy of Free-Fare Transit, Urban Affairs Quarterly, 10, 178–184.
Śleszyński, P. (2014) Delimination and typology of functional urban regions in Poland based on commuting, 2006, Geographia Polonica, 87, 317–320.
Stępniak, M., Rosik, P. & Komornicki, T. (2014) Accessibility patterns: Poland Case Study, Europa XXI, 24, 77–93.
Storchmann, K. (2003): Externalities by Automobiles and Fare-Free Transit in Germany – A Paradigm Shift?, Journal of Public Transportation, 6, 89–105.
Štraub, D. & Jaroš, V. (2019) Free fare policy as a tool for sustainable development of public transport services, Human Geographies – Journal of Studies and Research in Human Geography, 13, 45–59.
Tomanek, R. (2017) Free-fare public transport in the concept of sustainable mobility paradigm, Transport Problems, 12, 96–105.
Taczanowski, J., Kołoś, A., Gwosdz, K., Domański, B. & Guzik, R. (2018) The development of low-emission public urban transport in Poland, Bulletin of Geography, Socio-Economic Series, 41, 72–92.
Internet source
Główny Urząd Geodezji i Kartografii: http://www.gugik.gov.pl/pzgik/dane-bez-oplat/dane-z-panstwowego-rejestru-granic-i-powierzchni-jednostek-podzialow-terytorialnych-kraju-prg?fbclid=IwAR32R53KoLskeK8ou2XHMmm0ZwWY1H3BSrxJTAWUA_8ap8T6DqNC2fuTXIo [accessed: 24.4.2019].
Banister, D. & Marshall, S. (2000) Encouraging transport alternatives, Stationery Office, London.
Banister, D. & Hickamn, R. (2006) How to design a more sustainable and fairer built environment: transport and communications, IEEE Proceedings – Intelligent Transport Systems, 153, 276–291.
Banister, D. (2008) The sustainable mobility paradigm, Transport Policy, 15, 73–80.
Baum, H. J. (1973) Free Public Transport, Journal of Transport Economics and Policy, 7, 3–19.
Cats, O., Reimal, T. & Susilo, Y. (2014) Public Transport Pricing Policy – Empirical Evidence from a Fare Free Scheme in Tallinn, Estonia, Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2415, 89–96.
Cats, O., Reimal, T. & Susilo, Y. (2017) The prospects of fare-free public transport: evidence from Tallinn, Transportation, 44, 1083–1104.
De Witte, A., Macharis, C., Lannoy, P., Pollain, C., Steenberghen, T. & De Walle, S. V. (2006) The impact of ‘ free’ public transport: The case of Brussels, Transportation Research Part A, 40, 671–689.
De Witte, A., Macharis, C. & Mairesse, O. (2008) How persuasive is ‘free’ public transport? A survey among commuters in the Brussels Capital Region, Transport Policy, 15, 216–224.
Fearnley, N. (2013) Free Fares Policies: Impact on Public Transport Mode Share and Other Transport Policy Goals, International Journal of Transportation, 1, 75–90.
Fuji, S. & Ryuichi, K. (2003) What does a one-month free bus ticket do to habitual drivers? An experimental analysis of habit and attitude change, Transportation, 30, 81–95.
Gałka, J. & Warych-Juras, A. (2018) Suburbanization and migration in Polish metropolitan areas during political transition, Acta Geographica Slovenica, 58, 63–72.
Gehl, J. (2010) Cities for People, Island Press, Washington.
Goldman, T. & Gorham, R. (2006) Sustainable urban transport: Four innovative directions, Technology in Society, 28, 261–273.
Green, L. D. & Wegner, M. (1997) Sustainable transport, Journal of Transport Geography, 3, 177–190.
Goeverden, V. C., Rietveld, P., Koelemeijer, J. & Peeters, P. (2006) Subsidies in public transport, European Transport, 11, 5–25.
Hess, B. D. (2017) Decrypting fare-free public transport in Tallinn, Estonia, Case Studies on Transport Policy, 5, 690–698.
Johansson, H., Sandvik, O. K., Zsidákovits, J. & Łutczyk, K. (2016) A need for new methods in the paradigm shift from mobility to sustainable accessibility, Transportation Research Procedia, 14, 412–421.
Kębłowski, W. (2019) Why (not) abolished fares? Exploring the global geography of free-fare public transport, Transportation, 11116, 1–29.
Kębłowski, W., Tuvikene, T., Pikner, T. & Jauhiainen, J. S. (2019) Towards an urban political geography of transport: Unpacking the political and scalar dynamics of fare-free public transport in Tallinn, Estonia, Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space, 37(6), 967–984.
Lehman, S. (2015) Low carbon cities: transforming urban systems, Routledge, London.
Ministerstwo Transportu Budownictwa i Gospodarki Morskiej (2013) Strategia Rozwoju Transportu do 2020 roku (z perspektywą do 2030 roku), Warszawa. Available from: https://www.gov.pl/web/infrastruktura/strategia-rozwoju-transportu-do-2020-roku-z-perspektywa-do-2030-roku [accessed: 17.09.2019].
Pojani, D. & Stead, D. (2015) Sustainable Transport in the Developing World: Beyond Megacities, Sustainability, 7, 7784–7805.
Rosik, P., Pomianowski, W., Goliszek, S., Stępniak, M., Kowalczyk, K., Guzik, R., Kołoś, A. & Komornicki, T. (2017) Multimodalna dostępność transportem publicznym gmin w Polsce, IGiPZ Pan, Warszawa [in Polish].
Sheller, M & Urry, J. (2006) The new mobilities paradigm, Environment and Planning A, 38, 207–206.
Scheiner, J. I. & Starling, G. (1974) The Political Economy of Free-Fare Transit, Urban Affairs Quarterly, 10, 178–184.
Śleszyński, P. (2014) Delimination and typology of functional urban regions in Poland based on commuting, 2006, Geographia Polonica, 87, 317–320.
Stępniak, M., Rosik, P. & Komornicki, T. (2014) Accessibility patterns: Poland Case Study, Europa XXI, 24, 77–93.
Storchmann, K. (2003): Externalities by Automobiles and Fare-Free Transit in Germany – A Paradigm Shift?, Journal of Public Transportation, 6, 89–105.
Štraub, D. & Jaroš, V. (2019) Free fare policy as a tool for sustainable development of public transport services, Human Geographies – Journal of Studies and Research in Human Geography, 13, 45–59.
Tomanek, R. (2017) Free-fare public transport in the concept of sustainable mobility paradigm, Transport Problems, 12, 96–105.
Taczanowski, J., Kołoś, A., Gwosdz, K., Domański, B. & Guzik, R. (2018) The development of low-emission public urban transport in Poland, Bulletin of Geography, Socio-Economic Series, 41, 72–92.
Internet source
Główny Urząd Geodezji i Kartografii: http://www.gugik.gov.pl/pzgik/dane-bez-oplat/dane-z-panstwowego-rejestru-granic-i-powierzchni-jednostek-podzialow-terytorialnych-kraju-prg?fbclid=IwAR32R53KoLskeK8ou2XHMmm0ZwWY1H3BSrxJTAWUA_8ap8T6DqNC2fuTXIo [accessed: 24.4.2019].