Andrew R. Goetz
Airport area development and attitudes of nearby residents: a case study of Denver, Colorado, USA Urban Development Issues, vol. 68(2), 63–73. https://doi.org/10.51733/udi.2020.68.17
Keywords: airports, land use, aerotropolis, noise, planning
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ABSTRACT
Land areas near airports have become more intensively developed as air transport has grown in importance as a major global transport mode. In recent years, city leaders and economic developers have embraced the aerotropolis, or airport city, concept which envisions the airport as the center of a new urban form. It has also been long recognized that airports are major sources of noise pollution, and that noise-sensitive land uses, especially residential, should be prohibited in areas directly impacted by airport flight operations. The purpose of this paper is to consider the positive and negative aspects of airport area development through an attitude survey of residents who live near Denver International Airport (DIA) in Denver, Colorado, USA to determine how they feel about living in proximity to the airport. The survey reveals that most residents have generally positive attitudes about the airport and their neighborhoods. These results are due in part to initial airport site selection in a remote part of the region and to effective planning that has restricted residential land use in areas most heavily impacted by noise. Pressure to increase airport area development, however, may undermine land use planning guidelines and allow more residential activity near the airport.
Land areas near airports have become more intensively developed as air transport has grown in importance as a major global transport mode. In recent years, city leaders and economic developers have embraced the aerotropolis, or airport city, concept which envisions the airport as the center of a new urban form. It has also been long recognized that airports are major sources of noise pollution, and that noise-sensitive land uses, especially residential, should be prohibited in areas directly impacted by airport flight operations. The purpose of this paper is to consider the positive and negative aspects of airport area development through an attitude survey of residents who live near Denver International Airport (DIA) in Denver, Colorado, USA to determine how they feel about living in proximity to the airport. The survey reveals that most residents have generally positive attitudes about the airport and their neighborhoods. These results are due in part to initial airport site selection in a remote part of the region and to effective planning that has restricted residential land use in areas most heavily impacted by noise. Pressure to increase airport area development, however, may undermine land use planning guidelines and allow more residential activity near the airport.
REFERENCES
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Bartels, S., Rooney, D. & Müller, U. (2018) Assessing aircraft noise-induced annoyance around a major German airport and its predictors via telephone survey – The COSMA study, Transportation Research, 59, 246–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2018.01.015.
Basner, M., Clark, Ch., Hansell, A., Hileman, J., Janssen, S., Shepherd, K. & Sparrow, V. (2017) Aviation Noise Impacts: State of the Science, Noise & Health, 19(87), 41–50.
Black, D., Black, J., Issarayangyun, T. & Samuels, S. (2007) Aircraft Noise Exposure and Resident’s Stress and Hypertension: A Public Health Perspective on Environmental Management, Journal of Air Transport Management, 13(5), 264–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2007.04.003.
Cidell, J. (2013) When runways move but people don’t: The O’Hare Modernization Program and the relative immobilities of air travel, Mobilities, 8(4), 528–541. https://doi.org/10.1080/17450101.2013.808050.
Cidell, J. & Adams, J. (2001) The groundside effects of air transportation, MN: Center for Transportation Studies, Minneapolis.
Clark, T., 30.06.2015, DIA Agreement Opens Door for New Opportunities in Northeast Corridor, Metro Denver Economic Development Corporation. Available from: http://www.metrodenver.org/blog/posts/2015/06/dia-agreement-opens-door-for-new-opportunities-in-northeast-corridor/ [accessed: 10.11.2017].
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Denver International Airport (2020) About DEN: Administration, Noise Management, Development Contour, Denver International Airport. Available from: https://www.flydenver.com/sites/default/files/noise/landuse_contours.pdf/ [accessed 27.02.2020].
Espey, M. & Lopez, H. (2000) The Impact of Airport Noise and Proximity on Residential Property Values, Growth and Change, 31, 408–419. https://doi.org/10.1111/0017-4815.00135.
Freestone, R. & Baker, D. (2011) Spatial planning models of airport-driven urban development, Journal of Planning Literature, 26(3), 263–279. https://doi.org/10.1177/0885412211401341.
Goetz, A.R. (2013) Suburban sprawl or urban centers: tensions and contradictions of smart growth approaches in Denver, Colorado, Urban Studies 50(11), 2178–2195. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098013478238.
Goetz, A.R. (2015) The expansion of large international hub airports, [in:] R. Hickman, M. Givoni, D. Bonilla & D. Banister, eds., Handbook on Transport and Development, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham.
Goetz, A.R. (2019) The Airport as an Attraction: The Airport City and Aerotropolis Concept, [in:] A. Graham & F. Dobruszkes, eds., Air Transport: A Tourism Perspective, Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812857-2.00016-6.
Goetz, A.R. & Boschmann, E. (2018) Metropolitan Denver: Growth and Change in the Mile-High City, Metropolitan Portraits Series, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia. https://doi.org/10.9783/9780812295320.
Harden, M., 26.04.2012, Denver unveils ‘Airport City’ plan to guide DIA commercial development, Denver Business Journal. Available from: http://www.bizjournals.com/denver/news/2012/04/26/denver-unveils-airport-city-plan-to.html [accessed: 10.11.2017].
Himmelberger-Ogneva, Y., Cooperman, B. (2010) Spatio-temporal Analysis of Noise Pollution near Boston Logan Airport: Who Carries the Cost?, Urban Studies, 47(1), 169–182. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098009346863.
Hume, K. (2010) Sleep Disturbance due to Noise: Current Issues and Future Research, Noise and Health, 12(47), 70–76. https://doi.org/10.4103/1463-1741.63206.
Jud, G.D. & Winkler, D.T. (2006) The Announcement Effect of an Airport Expansion on Housing Prices, Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, 33(2), 91–103. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11146-006-8943-4.
Karsner, D. (1997) Aviation and airports: the impact on the economic and geographic structure of American cities, 1940–1980, Journal of Urban History, 23, 406–436. https://doi.org/10.1177/009614429702300402.
Kasarda, J.D. & Lindsay, G. (2011) Aerotropolis: The Way We’ll Live Next, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York.
May, M. & Hill, S. (2006) Questioning Airport Expansion—A Case Study of Canberra International Airport, Journal of Transport Geography, 14(6), 437–450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2005.10.004.
Northeastern Illinois Planning Commission (1971) A Digest of Metropolitan Aircraft Noise Abatement Policy Study, O'Hare International Airport, IL NIPC, Chicago.
O’Neill, E., 16.02.2018, Airport Communities Make A Plea For Quieter Skies, CityLab. Available from: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-02-16/airport-neighborhoods-urge-faa-for-tougher-noise-regulations [accessed: 14.10.2019].
Perry, L. (2013) The emergence of the airport city in the United States, Focus, LeighFisher (consulting). Available from: http://www.leighfisher.com/sites/default/files/free_files/focus_-_the_emergence_of_the_airport_city_in_the_united_states_-_oct_2013.pdf [accessed: 12.11.2017].
Rapone, K., 22.08.2019, Denver’s Aerotropolis on Track to Reshape Region, Denver Post. Available from: https://milehighcre.com/denvers-aerotropolis-on-track-to-reshape-region/ [accessed: 13.10.2019].
Robles, Y., 01.08.2012, Adams County: Denver aerotropolis bigfoots prior agreement, Denver Post. Available from: http://www.denverpost.com/breakingnews/ci_21211923/adams-county-denver-aerotropolis-big-foots-prior-agreement [accessed: 10.11.2017].
Schreckenberg, D., Meis, M., Kahl, C., Peschel, C. & Eikmann, T. (2010) Aircraft Noise and Quality of Life around Frankfurt Airport, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 7(9), 3382–3405. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph7093382.
Snowdon, Q., 04.11.2015, Aurora votes: Denver, Adams County voters give overwhelming 'yes' to new airport pact, Aurora Sentinel. Available from: http://www.aurorasentinel.com/news/aurora-votes-denver-adams-county-voters-weigh-airport-pact/ [accessed 10.11.2017].
Tezel, M.N., Sari, D., Erdol, M., Hamamci, S.F. & Ozkurt, N. (2019) Evaluation of some health impact indices in two airports’ domain, Applied Acoustics, 149, 99–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2019.01.014.
Tomkins, J., Topham, N., Twomey, J. & Ward, R. (1998) Noise versus Access: The Impact of an Airport in an Urban Property Market, Urban Studies, 35(2), 243–258. https://doi.org/10.1080/0042098984961.
Ward, S.A.D., Regan, A.M., Feldpausch, A.E., Puchacz, Z., Duerksen, Ch.J., Heller, E., Miller, N.P., Gardner, R.C., Gosling, G.D., Sarmiento, S. & Lee, R.W. (2010) Enhancing Airport Land Use Compatibility, Volume 1: Land Use Fundamentals and Implementation Resources, Airport Cooperative Research Program Report 27, Transportation Research Board, DC: National Academy of Sciences, Washington.
Wolfe, PJ., Kramer, J.L. & Barrett, S.R.H (2017) Current and future noise impacts of the UK hub airport, Journal of Air Transport Management, 58, 91–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2016.09.002.
Internet sources
Aerotropolis Business Concepts, LLC: http://www.aerotropolis.com/ [accessed: 12.11.2017].
Aerotropolis Regional Transportation Authority: https://aerotropolisrta.org/ [accessed: 13.10.2019].
Pena Station Next: https://penastationnext.com/vision/ [accessed 27.02.2020].
Aguilar, J., 11.03.2018a, A massive ‘aerotropolis’ is planned for a patch of the plains near DIA that could end up bigger than the Denver Tech Center, The Denver Post. Available from: https://www.denverpost.com/2018/03/11/denver-aurora-highlands-project/ [accessed: 23.09.2019].
Aguilar, J., 03.07.2018b, Adams County lawsuit claims DIA underestimates noise impact, avoids related payments to communities, The Denver Post. Available from: https://www.denverpost.com/2018/07/03/dia-adams-county-noise-lawsuit/ [accessed: 14.10.2019].
Aguilar, J., 24.05.2019, Aerotropolis is more than just talk as $22.5 million is laid on the table, The Denver Post. Available from: https://www.denverpost.com/2019/05/24/aerotropolis-dia-aurora-highlands-bonds/ [accessed: 13.10.2019].
Airports Council International (2019) Annual Airport Traffic Statistics, 2018, Airports Council International, Geneva.
Barrett, P. (1987) Cities and their airports: policy formation, 1926–1952, Journal of Urban History, 14, 112–137. https://doi.org/10.1177/009614428701400105.
Bartels, S., Rooney, D. & Müller, U. (2018) Assessing aircraft noise-induced annoyance around a major German airport and its predictors via telephone survey – The COSMA study, Transportation Research, 59, 246–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2018.01.015.
Basner, M., Clark, Ch., Hansell, A., Hileman, J., Janssen, S., Shepherd, K. & Sparrow, V. (2017) Aviation Noise Impacts: State of the Science, Noise & Health, 19(87), 41–50.
Black, D., Black, J., Issarayangyun, T. & Samuels, S. (2007) Aircraft Noise Exposure and Resident’s Stress and Hypertension: A Public Health Perspective on Environmental Management, Journal of Air Transport Management, 13(5), 264–276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2007.04.003.
Cidell, J. (2013) When runways move but people don’t: The O’Hare Modernization Program and the relative immobilities of air travel, Mobilities, 8(4), 528–541. https://doi.org/10.1080/17450101.2013.808050.
Cidell, J. & Adams, J. (2001) The groundside effects of air transportation, MN: Center for Transportation Studies, Minneapolis.
Clark, T., 30.06.2015, DIA Agreement Opens Door for New Opportunities in Northeast Corridor, Metro Denver Economic Development Corporation. Available from: http://www.metrodenver.org/blog/posts/2015/06/dia-agreement-opens-door-for-new-opportunities-in-northeast-corridor/ [accessed: 10.11.2017].
Cleveland, C. 25.07.2019, Under DIA’s Flight Paths, Adams County Residents Say No One Is Listening to Them, CPR News. Available from: https://www.cpr.org/2019/07/25/under-dias-flight-paths-adams-county-residents-say-no-one-is-listening-to-them/ [accessed: 14.10.2019].
Colorado Department of Transportation (2016) Colorado Aerotropolis Visioning Study, Colorado. Available from: https://www.codot.gov/library/studies/study-archives/aerotropolis/reports/visioning-study-summary-report.pdf [accessed: 08.02.2020].
Dempsey, P.S., Goetz, A.R. & Szyliowicz, J.S. (1997) Denver International Airport: Lessons Learned, McGraw Hill, New York.
Denver International Airport (2020) About DEN: Administration, Noise Management, Development Contour, Denver International Airport. Available from: https://www.flydenver.com/sites/default/files/noise/landuse_contours.pdf/ [accessed 27.02.2020].
Espey, M. & Lopez, H. (2000) The Impact of Airport Noise and Proximity on Residential Property Values, Growth and Change, 31, 408–419. https://doi.org/10.1111/0017-4815.00135.
Freestone, R. & Baker, D. (2011) Spatial planning models of airport-driven urban development, Journal of Planning Literature, 26(3), 263–279. https://doi.org/10.1177/0885412211401341.
Goetz, A.R. (2013) Suburban sprawl or urban centers: tensions and contradictions of smart growth approaches in Denver, Colorado, Urban Studies 50(11), 2178–2195. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098013478238.
Goetz, A.R. (2015) The expansion of large international hub airports, [in:] R. Hickman, M. Givoni, D. Bonilla & D. Banister, eds., Handbook on Transport and Development, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham.
Goetz, A.R. (2019) The Airport as an Attraction: The Airport City and Aerotropolis Concept, [in:] A. Graham & F. Dobruszkes, eds., Air Transport: A Tourism Perspective, Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812857-2.00016-6.
Goetz, A.R. & Boschmann, E. (2018) Metropolitan Denver: Growth and Change in the Mile-High City, Metropolitan Portraits Series, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia. https://doi.org/10.9783/9780812295320.
Harden, M., 26.04.2012, Denver unveils ‘Airport City’ plan to guide DIA commercial development, Denver Business Journal. Available from: http://www.bizjournals.com/denver/news/2012/04/26/denver-unveils-airport-city-plan-to.html [accessed: 10.11.2017].
Himmelberger-Ogneva, Y., Cooperman, B. (2010) Spatio-temporal Analysis of Noise Pollution near Boston Logan Airport: Who Carries the Cost?, Urban Studies, 47(1), 169–182. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098009346863.
Hume, K. (2010) Sleep Disturbance due to Noise: Current Issues and Future Research, Noise and Health, 12(47), 70–76. https://doi.org/10.4103/1463-1741.63206.
Jud, G.D. & Winkler, D.T. (2006) The Announcement Effect of an Airport Expansion on Housing Prices, Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, 33(2), 91–103. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11146-006-8943-4.
Karsner, D. (1997) Aviation and airports: the impact on the economic and geographic structure of American cities, 1940–1980, Journal of Urban History, 23, 406–436. https://doi.org/10.1177/009614429702300402.
Kasarda, J.D. & Lindsay, G. (2011) Aerotropolis: The Way We’ll Live Next, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York.
May, M. & Hill, S. (2006) Questioning Airport Expansion—A Case Study of Canberra International Airport, Journal of Transport Geography, 14(6), 437–450. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2005.10.004.
Northeastern Illinois Planning Commission (1971) A Digest of Metropolitan Aircraft Noise Abatement Policy Study, O'Hare International Airport, IL NIPC, Chicago.
O’Neill, E., 16.02.2018, Airport Communities Make A Plea For Quieter Skies, CityLab. Available from: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-02-16/airport-neighborhoods-urge-faa-for-tougher-noise-regulations [accessed: 14.10.2019].
Perry, L. (2013) The emergence of the airport city in the United States, Focus, LeighFisher (consulting). Available from: http://www.leighfisher.com/sites/default/files/free_files/focus_-_the_emergence_of_the_airport_city_in_the_united_states_-_oct_2013.pdf [accessed: 12.11.2017].
Rapone, K., 22.08.2019, Denver’s Aerotropolis on Track to Reshape Region, Denver Post. Available from: https://milehighcre.com/denvers-aerotropolis-on-track-to-reshape-region/ [accessed: 13.10.2019].
Robles, Y., 01.08.2012, Adams County: Denver aerotropolis bigfoots prior agreement, Denver Post. Available from: http://www.denverpost.com/breakingnews/ci_21211923/adams-county-denver-aerotropolis-big-foots-prior-agreement [accessed: 10.11.2017].
Schreckenberg, D., Meis, M., Kahl, C., Peschel, C. & Eikmann, T. (2010) Aircraft Noise and Quality of Life around Frankfurt Airport, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 7(9), 3382–3405. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph7093382.
Snowdon, Q., 04.11.2015, Aurora votes: Denver, Adams County voters give overwhelming 'yes' to new airport pact, Aurora Sentinel. Available from: http://www.aurorasentinel.com/news/aurora-votes-denver-adams-county-voters-weigh-airport-pact/ [accessed 10.11.2017].
Tezel, M.N., Sari, D., Erdol, M., Hamamci, S.F. & Ozkurt, N. (2019) Evaluation of some health impact indices in two airports’ domain, Applied Acoustics, 149, 99–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apacoust.2019.01.014.
Tomkins, J., Topham, N., Twomey, J. & Ward, R. (1998) Noise versus Access: The Impact of an Airport in an Urban Property Market, Urban Studies, 35(2), 243–258. https://doi.org/10.1080/0042098984961.
Ward, S.A.D., Regan, A.M., Feldpausch, A.E., Puchacz, Z., Duerksen, Ch.J., Heller, E., Miller, N.P., Gardner, R.C., Gosling, G.D., Sarmiento, S. & Lee, R.W. (2010) Enhancing Airport Land Use Compatibility, Volume 1: Land Use Fundamentals and Implementation Resources, Airport Cooperative Research Program Report 27, Transportation Research Board, DC: National Academy of Sciences, Washington.
Wolfe, PJ., Kramer, J.L. & Barrett, S.R.H (2017) Current and future noise impacts of the UK hub airport, Journal of Air Transport Management, 58, 91–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jairtraman.2016.09.002.
Internet sources
Aerotropolis Business Concepts, LLC: http://www.aerotropolis.com/ [accessed: 12.11.2017].
Aerotropolis Regional Transportation Authority: https://aerotropolisrta.org/ [accessed: 13.10.2019].
Pena Station Next: https://penastationnext.com/vision/ [accessed 27.02.2020].