UDI Volume 59 (September 2018) |
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Ryszard Nejman, Maciej Łepkowski, Anna Wilczyńska & Beata J. Gawryszewska
The right to wild. Green urban wasteland in the context of urban planning Urban Development Issues, vol. 59, 43–53 DOI: 10.2478/udi-2018-0027
Keywords: informal development, bottom-up initiatives, urban planning, urban greenery, development scenarios, wasteland toolkit
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ABSTRACT
In the authors’ view, the existing urban planning system is not favourable to the temporality and variability of urban wastelands, which complement traditional urban greenery through a range of functions such as; gardens, meeting spaces, places to walk the dog etc. Consequently, the aim of the paper is to investigate functions and possible scenarios for the development of urban wastelands in Poland. The methods used in the research include a comparative assessment of wasteland case studies from Warsaw and Tarnów and a comparison of possible development scenarios based on case studies from different cities across Europe. Wastelands were researched to establish their location, their functions, the distance from inhabited areas and the types of other green areas located within a 5 min. isochrone from the surrounding housing area. Case studies of development scenarios were researched to establish their changing functions, the continuity of design and the algorithm of creation. The authors conducted qualitative interviews, mapping, inventories of territorial marks (makeshift benches or other constructions made by users showing the way they ‘own’ the area), investigation of local development plans and literature reviews to gather the data used. The collation of results has led to the creation of a ‘wastelands toolkit’ – a tool dedicated to urban planners and decision makers.
In the authors’ view, the existing urban planning system is not favourable to the temporality and variability of urban wastelands, which complement traditional urban greenery through a range of functions such as; gardens, meeting spaces, places to walk the dog etc. Consequently, the aim of the paper is to investigate functions and possible scenarios for the development of urban wastelands in Poland. The methods used in the research include a comparative assessment of wasteland case studies from Warsaw and Tarnów and a comparison of possible development scenarios based on case studies from different cities across Europe. Wastelands were researched to establish their location, their functions, the distance from inhabited areas and the types of other green areas located within a 5 min. isochrone from the surrounding housing area. Case studies of development scenarios were researched to establish their changing functions, the continuity of design and the algorithm of creation. The authors conducted qualitative interviews, mapping, inventories of territorial marks (makeshift benches or other constructions made by users showing the way they ‘own’ the area), investigation of local development plans and literature reviews to gather the data used. The collation of results has led to the creation of a ‘wastelands toolkit’ – a tool dedicated to urban planners and decision makers.
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Burgess, K., 10.12.2014, Community Participation in Parks Development: Two Examples from Berlin, The Nature of Cities.
Available from: https://www.thenatureofcities.com/2014/12/10/community-participation-in-parks-development-two-examples-from-berlin/
[accessed: 20.09.2017].
Chase, J.L., Crawford, M. & Kaliski, J. (2008) Everyday urbanism, The Monacelli Press, New York.
Foster, S., 2.11.2016, The Co-City: From the Tragedy to the Comedy of the Urban Commons. The Nature of Cities.
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Gawryszewska, B. J., Wilczyńska, A. & Łepkowski, M. (2016) Urban wastelands and their potential to deliver CICES community services, [in:] S. Tappert, ed., Growing in Cities : Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Urban Gardening Conference, Basel, Switzerland, 387–404.
Gehl J., (2010) Cities for people, Island Press, Washington – Covelo – London.
Geiger, A. & Hennecke, S. (2015) Gleisdreieck Park – a Modern Volkspark, [in:] A. Lichtenstein & F.A. Mameli, eds., Gleisdreieck/Parklife Berlin, Transcript Verlag, Bielefeld, 230–237. Available from: www.publicspace.org/en/works/g047-park-am-gleisdreieck [accessed: 25.07.2017].
Harvey, D. (2012) Rebel Cities: From the Right to the City to the Urban Revolution, Verso, London – New York.
Jakubowski, K. (2015) Unapparent Beauty. The Role of Urban Wastelands for the Shaping of a New Category of City Parks, Przestrzeń i forma, 24/2, 145–162.
Kowarik, I. (2011) Novel urban ecosystems, biodiversity, and conservation, Environmental Pollution, 159(12), 1974–1983.
Kowarik, I. (2018)Urban wilderness: Supply, demand, and access, Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 29, 336–347.
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Kusiak, J. (2012) The Cunning of Chaos and Its Orders, [in:] M. Grubbauer & J. Kusiak, eds., Chasing Warsaw. Socio-Material Dynamics of Urban Change since 1990, Campus Verlag, Frankfurt/New York.
Łepkowski, M., Nejman, R., & Wilczyńska, A. (2016) The role of green urban wastelands in 3rd place creation. Challenge for urban policy in Poland, [in:] S. Jombach, I. Valanszki, K. Filep-Kovacs,
J.G. Fabos, R.L. Ryan, M.S. Lindhult & L. Kollanyi, eds., Landscapes and Greenways of Resilience, Proceedings of 5th Fabos Conference on Landscape and Greenway Planning, Budapest, Hungary, 45–53.
Lydon, M. & Garcia, A. (2014) Tactical Urbanism: Short-term Action for Long-term Change, Island Press, Washington, D.C. Ministerstwo Infrastruktury i Rozwoju, 2015, Krajowa Polityka Miejska 2023, Warszawa. Available from: https://www.miir.gov.pl/media/11579/Krajowa_Polityka_Miejska_2023.pdf [accessed: 11.09.2018].
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Prominski, M., (2005) Designing Landscapes as Evolutionary Systems, The Design Journal, 8(3), 25–34.
Rupprecht, Ch. & Byrne, J. (2015) It’s real, not fake like a park: Informal greenspace as anti-gentrification strategy? American Association of Geographers Annual Meeting III, Chicago, April, 21–25. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.1508.7204 [accessed: 28.08.2018].
Stöcker, U., Suntken, S. & Wissel, S.(2014) A new relationship between city and wilderness. A case for wilder urban nature, Deutsche Umwelthilfe e.V., Berlin. Available from: www.duh.de/fileadmin/user_upload/download/Projektinformation/Kommunaler_Umweltschutz/Wild_Cities/A-case-for-wilder-urban-nature.pdf [accessed: 22.07.2017].
Tredici, P. del (2014) The flora of the future. Celebrating the botanical diversity of cities, Places Journal.
Available from: https://placesjournal.org/article/the-flora-of-the-future/ [accessed 15.10.2017].
Trzaskowska, E. (2008) Wykorzystanie zbiorowisk synantropijnych jako miejsc spontanicznego wypoczynku w miastach, Nauka Przyroda Technologie, 2 (4), #45 [in Polish with English abstract].
Unt, A. L. & Bell, S. (2014) The impact of small-scale design interventions on the behaviour patterns of the users of an urban wasteland, Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 13, 121–135.
Ustawa z dnia 27 marca 2003 r. o planowaniu i zagospodarowaniu przestrzennym, Dz.U. 2003 nr 80 poz. 717 [in Polish].
WHO (2017) Urban green spaces: a brief for action, World Health Organization Report, WHO Regional Office for Europe.
Available from: http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0010/342289/Urban-Green-Spaces_EN_WHO_web.pdf?ua=1 [accessed: 29.08.2018].
Żydek, S. (2014) Warsaw, [in:] Polyak L., ed., Vacant Central Europe: Mapping and recycling empty urban properties, Kek, Budapest.
Available from: https://issuu.com/kekfoundation/docs/vacant_central_europe [accessed: 15.10.2017].
Internet sources
EspaiGermanetes: https://recreantcruilles.wordpress.com/espai-germanetes/ [accessed: 29.05.2018][in Spanish].
HolzparkKlybeck: http://klybeck.tumblr.com [accessed: 30.05.2018] [in German].