UDI Volume 68 Issue 2 (Special Issue: Airport Related Spatial Development)
|
|
|
Laura Cipriani
Fragile airports. Fragile cities. Fragile landscapes Urban Development Issues, vol. 68(2), 39–51. https://doi.org/10.51733/udi.2020.68.15
Keywords: airport fragility, airport disruption, climate change
|
ABSTRACT
Recent events provide ample proof of the fragility of cities, territories and airport nodes when they come face-to-face with extreme and unexpected events. The Coronavirus pandemic, for example, has caused a complete disruption in the air network. Climate change, recurrent floods, rising seas, desertification, land impoverishment and, more generally, extreme meteorological events can temporarily or permanently compromise mobility networks and spaces. Airports are, in fact, highly vulnerable elements of infrastructure that require precise adaptation and mitigation strategies at various levels. What role can urban and landscape planning play in future decisions regarding new infrastructural sites and the adaptation of old infrastructure to climatic change and possible new functions?
Recent events provide ample proof of the fragility of cities, territories and airport nodes when they come face-to-face with extreme and unexpected events. The Coronavirus pandemic, for example, has caused a complete disruption in the air network. Climate change, recurrent floods, rising seas, desertification, land impoverishment and, more generally, extreme meteorological events can temporarily or permanently compromise mobility networks and spaces. Airports are, in fact, highly vulnerable elements of infrastructure that require precise adaptation and mitigation strategies at various levels. What role can urban and landscape planning play in future decisions regarding new infrastructural sites and the adaptation of old infrastructure to climatic change and possible new functions?
REFERENCES
ACRP (2012) Airport Climate Adaptation and Resilience. A Synthesis of Airport Practice, Transportation Research Board, Washinghton D.C.
Beck, U. (1992) Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity, Sage Publications, London.
Carpenter, S., Walker, B., Anderies, J. M. & Abel, N. (2001) From Metaphor to Measurement: Resilience of What to What?, Ecosystems, 4(8), 765–781. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-001-0045-9.
Cipriani, L. (2012a) Airport Urbanism. Aeroporti low cost e nuovi paesaggi, Aracne Editrice, Rome [in Italian].
Cipriani, L. (2012b) Towards an ‘Ecological Airport Urbanism’. Indagini e scenari per l'aeroporto di Venezia, Planum. The Journal of Urbanism, 25(2), 1–7 [in Italian].
Cipriani, L. (2013) Aeroporti e cambiamenti climatici. Floating versus Flooded Airport Urbanism, Planum. The Journal of Urbanism, 26, 1–7 [in Italian].
Cipriani, L. (2014a) Rethinking Treviso Airport Urbanism. Landscape Design Strategies from now on # 02, Aracne editrice, Rome.
Cipriani, L. (2014b) Ecological Airport Urbanism. Airports and landscapes in the Italian Northeast # 01, Aracne editrice, Rome.
Cipriani, L. (2016a) Floating airports, Topos. The International Review of Landscape Architecture and Urban Design, 96, 74–79.
Cipriani, L. (2016b) The search for fertile infrastructure. Ecological airport landscapes, Landscape Architecture Frontiers, 19, 140–149.
Civil Aviation Department. The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (n.d.) Air Traffic Statistics. Available from: https://www.cad.gov.hk/english/statistics.html [accessed: 14.12.2020].
Eurocontrol (2013) Challenges of Growth 2013. Task 8: Climate Change Risk and Resilience, Eurocontrol, Brussels.
Eurocontrol, Omega, Manchester Metropolitan University, MetOffice (2010) ‘Challenges of Growth’ Environmental Update Study. January 2009, Eurocontrol, Brussels.
Eurocontrol (2020) Monthly Network Operations Report Overview April 2020, Eurocontrol, Brussels.
Fan, T. (2006) Improvements in intra-European inter-city flight connectivity: 1996-2004, Journal of Transport Geography, 14, 273–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2005.08.006.
Giordano, T. (2012) Adaptive planning for climate resilient long-lived infrastructures, Utilities Policy, 23, 80–89.
Gunderson, L., Holling C. S., eds., (2001) Panarchy: Understanding Transformations in Human and Natural Systems, Island Press, Washington (DC).
Hallegatte, S. (2007) Do current assessments underestimate future damages from climate change?, World Economics, 8 (3), 131–146.
Hallegatte, S. (2009), Strategies to adapt to uncertain climate change, Global Environmental Change, 19, 240–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2008.12.003.
Holling, C. (1973) Resilience and stability of ecological systems, Annual review of ecology and systematics, 4, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.04.110173.000245.
IPCC (2007a) Climate Change 2007: Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
IPCC (2007b) Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland.
IPCC (2012) Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation. Special Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, MA.
IPCC (2013) Climate Change 2013: the Physical Science Basis, IPCC, Switzerland.
IPCC (2014) Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland.
Neumann, J. (2009) Adaptation to Climate Change: Revisiting Infrastructure Norms, Resources for the Future, Washington (DC).
Port Authority NY NJ (n.d.) Monthly 2020 Statistics. Available from: https://www.panynj.gov/airports/en/statistics-general-info.html [accessed: 14.12.2020].
Macau International Airport (n.d.) Traffic Statistics – Passengers. Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20170509153944/http://www.camacau.com/en/our-business/airport-traffic-statistics/traffic-statistics-passengers [accessed: 14.12.2020].
Internet sources & databases
Chubu Centrair International: https://www.centrair.jp/en/ [accessed: 14.12.2020].
Digital Aeronautical Flight Information File (DAFIF) database: no longer publicly available in open access [acquired: 2006].
Hong Kong International Airport: https://www.hongkongairport.com/ [accessed: 14.12.2020].
Japanese Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism: https://www.mlit.go.jp/koku/15_bf_000185.html [accessed: 14.12.2020].
Kansai International Airport: https://www.kansai-airport.or.jp/en/ [accessed: 14.12.2020].
Kobe Airport: https://www.kairport.co.jp/eng/ [accessed: 14.12.2020].
Macau International Airport: https://www.macau-airport.com/en [accessed: 14.12.2020].
Nagasaki Airport: https://nagasaki-airport.jp/en/ [accessed: 14.12.2020].
National Hurricane Center (n.d.): https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/index.php?season=2012&basin=atl [accessed: 14.12.2020].
Tokyo International Haneda: http://www.haneda-airport.com/ [accessed: 14.12.2020].
Velana International Airport: https://macl.aero/ [accessed: 14.12.2020].
ACRP (2012) Airport Climate Adaptation and Resilience. A Synthesis of Airport Practice, Transportation Research Board, Washinghton D.C.
Beck, U. (1992) Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity, Sage Publications, London.
Carpenter, S., Walker, B., Anderies, J. M. & Abel, N. (2001) From Metaphor to Measurement: Resilience of What to What?, Ecosystems, 4(8), 765–781. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-001-0045-9.
Cipriani, L. (2012a) Airport Urbanism. Aeroporti low cost e nuovi paesaggi, Aracne Editrice, Rome [in Italian].
Cipriani, L. (2012b) Towards an ‘Ecological Airport Urbanism’. Indagini e scenari per l'aeroporto di Venezia, Planum. The Journal of Urbanism, 25(2), 1–7 [in Italian].
Cipriani, L. (2013) Aeroporti e cambiamenti climatici. Floating versus Flooded Airport Urbanism, Planum. The Journal of Urbanism, 26, 1–7 [in Italian].
Cipriani, L. (2014a) Rethinking Treviso Airport Urbanism. Landscape Design Strategies from now on # 02, Aracne editrice, Rome.
Cipriani, L. (2014b) Ecological Airport Urbanism. Airports and landscapes in the Italian Northeast # 01, Aracne editrice, Rome.
Cipriani, L. (2016a) Floating airports, Topos. The International Review of Landscape Architecture and Urban Design, 96, 74–79.
Cipriani, L. (2016b) The search for fertile infrastructure. Ecological airport landscapes, Landscape Architecture Frontiers, 19, 140–149.
Civil Aviation Department. The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (n.d.) Air Traffic Statistics. Available from: https://www.cad.gov.hk/english/statistics.html [accessed: 14.12.2020].
Eurocontrol (2013) Challenges of Growth 2013. Task 8: Climate Change Risk and Resilience, Eurocontrol, Brussels.
Eurocontrol, Omega, Manchester Metropolitan University, MetOffice (2010) ‘Challenges of Growth’ Environmental Update Study. January 2009, Eurocontrol, Brussels.
Eurocontrol (2020) Monthly Network Operations Report Overview April 2020, Eurocontrol, Brussels.
Fan, T. (2006) Improvements in intra-European inter-city flight connectivity: 1996-2004, Journal of Transport Geography, 14, 273–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2005.08.006.
Giordano, T. (2012) Adaptive planning for climate resilient long-lived infrastructures, Utilities Policy, 23, 80–89.
Gunderson, L., Holling C. S., eds., (2001) Panarchy: Understanding Transformations in Human and Natural Systems, Island Press, Washington (DC).
Hallegatte, S. (2007) Do current assessments underestimate future damages from climate change?, World Economics, 8 (3), 131–146.
Hallegatte, S. (2009), Strategies to adapt to uncertain climate change, Global Environmental Change, 19, 240–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2008.12.003.
Holling, C. (1973) Resilience and stability of ecological systems, Annual review of ecology and systematics, 4, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.es.04.110173.000245.
IPCC (2007a) Climate Change 2007: Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
IPCC (2007b) Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland.
IPCC (2012) Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation. Special Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, MA.
IPCC (2013) Climate Change 2013: the Physical Science Basis, IPCC, Switzerland.
IPCC (2014) Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC, Geneva, Switzerland.
Neumann, J. (2009) Adaptation to Climate Change: Revisiting Infrastructure Norms, Resources for the Future, Washington (DC).
Port Authority NY NJ (n.d.) Monthly 2020 Statistics. Available from: https://www.panynj.gov/airports/en/statistics-general-info.html [accessed: 14.12.2020].
Macau International Airport (n.d.) Traffic Statistics – Passengers. Available from: https://web.archive.org/web/20170509153944/http://www.camacau.com/en/our-business/airport-traffic-statistics/traffic-statistics-passengers [accessed: 14.12.2020].
Internet sources & databases
Chubu Centrair International: https://www.centrair.jp/en/ [accessed: 14.12.2020].
Digital Aeronautical Flight Information File (DAFIF) database: no longer publicly available in open access [acquired: 2006].
Hong Kong International Airport: https://www.hongkongairport.com/ [accessed: 14.12.2020].
Japanese Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism: https://www.mlit.go.jp/koku/15_bf_000185.html [accessed: 14.12.2020].
Kansai International Airport: https://www.kansai-airport.or.jp/en/ [accessed: 14.12.2020].
Kobe Airport: https://www.kairport.co.jp/eng/ [accessed: 14.12.2020].
Macau International Airport: https://www.macau-airport.com/en [accessed: 14.12.2020].
Nagasaki Airport: https://nagasaki-airport.jp/en/ [accessed: 14.12.2020].
National Hurricane Center (n.d.): https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/index.php?season=2012&basin=atl [accessed: 14.12.2020].
Tokyo International Haneda: http://www.haneda-airport.com/ [accessed: 14.12.2020].
Velana International Airport: https://macl.aero/ [accessed: 14.12.2020].