UDI Volume 72 (Grudzień/December 2021) |
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Krassen Stanchev, Spasimir Domaradzki
Bulgaria's Suburbanisation. The specifics of a transforming polity: a Case Study of Bulgaria (current situation, it's background and policy/political challenges) Urban Development Issues, vol. 72, 92–103. https://doi.org/10.51733/udi.2021.72.09
Keywords: suburbanisation, periurbanisation, pro-market reforms, socioeconomic development, Bulgaria
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ABSTRACT
The first part of the report gives a snapshot of Bulgarian suburbanisation and summarises the general impact of market reforms on suburbanisation. The second section reconstructs the legacy of the suburban dynamics since the mid-1980s to the present day, taking into account recessions, changes in wellbeing and other factors. As explained in the third section, suburbanisation since 2010 has been closely associated with increasing income, easier access to credit, options for daily commuting and internal migration. Bulgarian statistics and literature on the process, as detailed as they are, rarely pay attention to the context of overall economic development and reform, or reflect on one or two factors while the overall context of suburbanisation remains unaccounted for. The report attempts to fill the gap which exists.
The first part of the report gives a snapshot of Bulgarian suburbanisation and summarises the general impact of market reforms on suburbanisation. The second section reconstructs the legacy of the suburban dynamics since the mid-1980s to the present day, taking into account recessions, changes in wellbeing and other factors. As explained in the third section, suburbanisation since 2010 has been closely associated with increasing income, easier access to credit, options for daily commuting and internal migration. Bulgarian statistics and literature on the process, as detailed as they are, rarely pay attention to the context of overall economic development and reform, or reflect on one or two factors while the overall context of suburbanisation remains unaccounted for. The report attempts to fill the gap which exists.
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Hristov, H., 26.07.2019, Dyrzhava – lager: Po 40 dushi sredno na den napuskali i vlizali v NRB prez 1950 g., Dyrzhavna sigurnost.com. Available from: https://www.desebg.com/2011-01-13-09-25-08/4068-2019-07-26-18-33-38 [accessed: 23.12.2021] [in Bulgarian].
Kotseva, P. & Yanchev, M. (2017) Analysis of the Housing Market Developments and the Underlying Macroeconomic Fundamentals in Bulgaria, Bulgarian National Bank (BNB), Discussion Paper 103/2017, 36 – 37. Available from: https://www.bnb.bg/bnbweb/groups/public/documents/bnb_publi
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MRD Concept (2012) National Concept for Spatial Development Plan for the Period 2013 – 2025: The National Space – Our Common Heritage for the Future, Sofia, National Center for Regional Development, November. Available from: http://www.bgregio.eu/media/Programirane/NKPR_28012013_
Last_en.pdf [accessed: 23.12.2021].
NSI (2019) Gradovete i tehnite urbanizirani funkcionalni areali v republika Bylgaria, 2010-2018, NSI, Sofia [in Bulgarian].
NSI Review (2020) Naselenie i demografski procesi prez 2020, NSI, dekemvri 2020, 13–14. Available from: https://www.nsi.bg/sites/default/files/files/pressreleases/Population2020_IVGTQG5.pdf [accessed: 23.12.2021] [in Bulgarian].
OECD (2006) Competitive Cities in the Global Economy, OECD Territorial Reviews, Paris, OECD, 2006, or FUA, Glossary, EUROSTAT. Available from: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Glossary: Functional_urban_area [accessed: 23.12.2021].
Petrov, K. & Marinov, P. (2020) Development of Suburbanization in Europe, Journal of Bio-based Marketing, 3.1, 71–81.
Slaev, A. & Georgieva, S. (2021) Znachenie i klasifijkatzia na zhilishnite formi, Architecture and Contraction, 16, 1–21 [in Bulgarian].
Slaev, A. & Kovachev, A. (2014) Specific Issues of Urban Sprawl in Bulgaria, European Spatial Research and Policy, 21(2), 155–169. https://doi.org/10.1515/esrp-2015-0010.
Slaev, A. (2014) Formite na sobstvenost kato deternminanti na planiraneto i reguliraneto, VSU, Architecture and Contraction, 8, 1–19 [in Bulgarian].
Slavova, M. (2019) Peri-urbanisation in Bulgaria – potential for construction industry, Real Estate Property & Business, 3(1), 40–51.
Stanchev, K. (2020) Health Security, [in:] M. Zaborowski (ed.), Human Security in Central Europe, Visegrad Insight Report, June 2020, 34–40.
Stoykova, P., 18.11.2019, The Residential Market in Sofia in Q3 of 2019 and Perspectives for 2020, Bulgarian Properties. Available from: https://www.bulgarianproperties.com/informacionny-bulleten-arhiv/Sofia-property-market-report-Q3-2019-482.html [accessed: 30.01.2020].
UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs (2007a) World Urbanization Prospects, 2006 Revision, UN, New York. Country Profiles – see Bulgaria at: https://population.un.org/wup/Country-Profiles/ [accessed: 23.12.2021].
UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs (2007b) World Population Prospects, 2006 Revision, Volume I: Comprehensive Tables, UN, New York. Available from: https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/sites/www.un.org.development.desa.pd/files/files/documents/2020/Jan/un_2006_world_population_prospects-2006_revision_volume-i.pdf [accessed: 23.12.2021].
UNCTAD (2008) World Investment Report 2008: Transnational Corporations, and the Infrastructure Challenge, UN, Geneva.
Internet sources & databases
Eurostat regional yearbook 2020: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/3217494/11348978/KS-HA-20-001-EN-N.pdf/f1ac43ea-cb38-3ffb-ce1f-f0255876b670?t=1601901088000.
EUROSTAT, Population density – persons per km2: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tps00003/default/table?lang=en.
GHSL: Global Human Settlement Layer Detailed list of settlements, Bulgaria: https://ghsl.jrc.ec.europa.eu/cl.php?wcw=24 and Degree of urbanization (and suburbanization): https://ghsl.jrc.ec.europa.eu/CFS.php.
Hanke-Krus Hyperinflation Table: https://www.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/pubs/pdf/hanke-krus-hyperinflationtable.pdf.
IME (2017) Economic Centers, Sofia: https://www.regionalprofiles.bg/en/map-ec/.
National Statistics Institute: https://www.nsi.bg/en/.
Regional Profiles: https://www.regionalprofiles.bg/en/.
WPR, Sofia population dynamics: https://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/sofia-population.
Bauer, P.T. (1957) Economic Analysis and Policy in Underdeveloped Countries, Duke University Press, Durham, N.C.
BTV, 10.10.2015, 90 zakriti naseleni mesta i tri novi za 20 gidini v Bylgaria, BTV. Available from: https://btvnovinite.bg/bulgaria/90-zakriti-naseleni-mesta-i-tri-noviza-20-godini-v-balgarija.html [accessed: 23.12.2021] [in Bulgarian].
Capital, 5.06.2020., Zavryshtane na selo, Kapital. Available from: https://www.capital.bg/biznes/ imoti/2020/06/05/4074973_zavrushtane_na_selo/ [accessed: 23.12.2021] [in Bulgarian].
EUROSTAT (2004) Urban Audit Methodological Handbook, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg. Available from: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/3859598/5885077/KS-BD-04-002-EN.PDF.pdf/c1a47e5c-5adb-44a4-bf79-e0165a952de5?t=1414
781121000.
Hirt, S. (2007) Suburbanizing Sofia: Characteristics of post--Socialist peri-urban change, Urban Geography, 28(8),755–780. https://doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.28.8.755.
Hristov, H., 26.07.2019, Dyrzhava – lager: Po 40 dushi sredno na den napuskali i vlizali v NRB prez 1950 g., Dyrzhavna sigurnost.com. Available from: https://www.desebg.com/2011-01-13-09-25-08/4068-2019-07-26-18-33-38 [accessed: 23.12.2021] [in Bulgarian].
Kotseva, P. & Yanchev, M. (2017) Analysis of the Housing Market Developments and the Underlying Macroeconomic Fundamentals in Bulgaria, Bulgarian National Bank (BNB), Discussion Paper 103/2017, 36 – 37. Available from: https://www.bnb.bg/bnbweb/groups/public/documents/bnb_publi
cation/discussion_2017_103_en.pdf [accessed: 23.12.2021].
MRD Concept (2012) National Concept for Spatial Development Plan for the Period 2013 – 2025: The National Space – Our Common Heritage for the Future, Sofia, National Center for Regional Development, November. Available from: http://www.bgregio.eu/media/Programirane/NKPR_28012013_
Last_en.pdf [accessed: 23.12.2021].
NSI (2019) Gradovete i tehnite urbanizirani funkcionalni areali v republika Bylgaria, 2010-2018, NSI, Sofia [in Bulgarian].
NSI Review (2020) Naselenie i demografski procesi prez 2020, NSI, dekemvri 2020, 13–14. Available from: https://www.nsi.bg/sites/default/files/files/pressreleases/Population2020_IVGTQG5.pdf [accessed: 23.12.2021] [in Bulgarian].
OECD (2006) Competitive Cities in the Global Economy, OECD Territorial Reviews, Paris, OECD, 2006, or FUA, Glossary, EUROSTAT. Available from: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Glossary: Functional_urban_area [accessed: 23.12.2021].
Petrov, K. & Marinov, P. (2020) Development of Suburbanization in Europe, Journal of Bio-based Marketing, 3.1, 71–81.
Slaev, A. & Georgieva, S. (2021) Znachenie i klasifijkatzia na zhilishnite formi, Architecture and Contraction, 16, 1–21 [in Bulgarian].
Slaev, A. & Kovachev, A. (2014) Specific Issues of Urban Sprawl in Bulgaria, European Spatial Research and Policy, 21(2), 155–169. https://doi.org/10.1515/esrp-2015-0010.
Slaev, A. (2014) Formite na sobstvenost kato deternminanti na planiraneto i reguliraneto, VSU, Architecture and Contraction, 8, 1–19 [in Bulgarian].
Slavova, M. (2019) Peri-urbanisation in Bulgaria – potential for construction industry, Real Estate Property & Business, 3(1), 40–51.
Stanchev, K. (2020) Health Security, [in:] M. Zaborowski (ed.), Human Security in Central Europe, Visegrad Insight Report, June 2020, 34–40.
Stoykova, P., 18.11.2019, The Residential Market in Sofia in Q3 of 2019 and Perspectives for 2020, Bulgarian Properties. Available from: https://www.bulgarianproperties.com/informacionny-bulleten-arhiv/Sofia-property-market-report-Q3-2019-482.html [accessed: 30.01.2020].
UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs (2007a) World Urbanization Prospects, 2006 Revision, UN, New York. Country Profiles – see Bulgaria at: https://population.un.org/wup/Country-Profiles/ [accessed: 23.12.2021].
UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs (2007b) World Population Prospects, 2006 Revision, Volume I: Comprehensive Tables, UN, New York. Available from: https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/sites/www.un.org.development.desa.pd/files/files/documents/2020/Jan/un_2006_world_population_prospects-2006_revision_volume-i.pdf [accessed: 23.12.2021].
UNCTAD (2008) World Investment Report 2008: Transnational Corporations, and the Infrastructure Challenge, UN, Geneva.
Internet sources & databases
Eurostat regional yearbook 2020: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/3217494/11348978/KS-HA-20-001-EN-N.pdf/f1ac43ea-cb38-3ffb-ce1f-f0255876b670?t=1601901088000.
EUROSTAT, Population density – persons per km2: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tps00003/default/table?lang=en.
GHSL: Global Human Settlement Layer Detailed list of settlements, Bulgaria: https://ghsl.jrc.ec.europa.eu/cl.php?wcw=24 and Degree of urbanization (and suburbanization): https://ghsl.jrc.ec.europa.eu/CFS.php.
Hanke-Krus Hyperinflation Table: https://www.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/pubs/pdf/hanke-krus-hyperinflationtable.pdf.
IME (2017) Economic Centers, Sofia: https://www.regionalprofiles.bg/en/map-ec/.
National Statistics Institute: https://www.nsi.bg/en/.
Regional Profiles: https://www.regionalprofiles.bg/en/.
WPR, Sofia population dynamics: https://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/sofia-population.