UDI Volume 62 (June 2019) |
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Pascal Krauthausen, Michael Leitner, Alina Ristea & Andrew Curtis
Collecting and analyzing soccer-related graffiti with the spatial video technology and GIS: a case study in Krakow, Poland Urban Development Issues, vol. 62, 61–73 DOI: 10.2478/udi-2019-0010
Keywords: Spatial video technology, GIS, graffiti, Wisla Krakow, MKS Cracovia, Hutnik Nowa Huta
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ABSTRACT
In this research, the spatial video technology is applied to the collection of soccer-related graffiti locations in the city of Krakow, Poland. Krakow is predestined for this research due to the long and often violent rivalry between fan groups of the two major soccer teams, MKS Cracovia and Wisla Krakow. This form of rivalry is often expressed by the application of graffiti by fans from both clubs, which can be observed in large parts of the city. Graffiti locations
were digitized from spatial videos, stored in a Geographic Information System (GIS), and subsequently analyzed to explore (1) the overall spatial pattern, (2) the existence of spatial hotspots, and (3) changes to a previously conducted survey of graffiti locations in 2016. As expected, results indicate that graffiti locations are statistically significantly clustered, with pro-Wisla graffiti mainly concentrating in the north, pro-Cracovia graffiti dominating the south, and pro-Hutnik graffiti mostly found in the east of Krakow. The overall spatial pattern of graffiti locations remained relatively unchanged between the 2016 and 2018 surveys. Besides scientific inquiry, this research provides city officials with important information regarding graffiti locations in Krakow for a broader and more in-depth understanding of their spatial patterns.
In this research, the spatial video technology is applied to the collection of soccer-related graffiti locations in the city of Krakow, Poland. Krakow is predestined for this research due to the long and often violent rivalry between fan groups of the two major soccer teams, MKS Cracovia and Wisla Krakow. This form of rivalry is often expressed by the application of graffiti by fans from both clubs, which can be observed in large parts of the city. Graffiti locations
were digitized from spatial videos, stored in a Geographic Information System (GIS), and subsequently analyzed to explore (1) the overall spatial pattern, (2) the existence of spatial hotspots, and (3) changes to a previously conducted survey of graffiti locations in 2016. As expected, results indicate that graffiti locations are statistically significantly clustered, with pro-Wisla graffiti mainly concentrating in the north, pro-Cracovia graffiti dominating the south, and pro-Hutnik graffiti mostly found in the east of Krakow. The overall spatial pattern of graffiti locations remained relatively unchanged between the 2016 and 2018 surveys. Besides scientific inquiry, this research provides city officials with important information regarding graffiti locations in Krakow for a broader and more in-depth understanding of their spatial patterns.
REFERENCES
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Blickfang Ultra (2008) Ultra. Eine Subkultur?! Blickfang Ultra, 2(8), 46–51 [in German].
Bogacka, E. & Siniecka, A. (2017) Graffiti jako przejaw aktywności kibiców w przestrzeni miejskiej. Przykład Poznania, Rozwój Regionalny i Polityka Regionalna, 37, 77–86 [in Polish].
Cardais, S. A. & Boissevain, J. (2011) Around the Bloc: Krakow Gets Tough on Graffiti, Chechen Poet Slain in Moscow, Transitions Online, 11(22), 29–31.
Curtis, A., Mills, J. W., Kennedy, B., Fotheringham, S. & McCarthy, T. (2007) Understanding the Geography of Post-Traumatic Stress: An Academic Justification for Using a Spatial Video Acquisition System in the Response to Hurricane Katrina, Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 15(4), 208–219.
Grün, A. (2016) Ultras und Graffiti – Ein Aufeinandertreffen zweier Subkulturen, [in:] G. Duttler & B. Haigis, eds., Ultras. Eine Fankultur im Spannungsfeld unterschiedlicher Subkulturen, Kulturen der Gesellschaft 17, Bielefeld, 157–172 [in German].
Guthrie, R. D. (2005) The Nature of Paleolithic Art, University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Gyan, D., 25.08.2017, In Krakow, Arch Rivals Separated by
a Narrow Field, Soccer in NY. Available from: https://soccerinnyc.com/2017/08/25/in-krakow-arch-rivals-separated-by-a-narrow-field/
[accessed: 20.05.2019].
Halsey, M. & Young, A. (2002) The Meanings of Graffiti and Municipal Administration, The Australien and New Zealand Journal of
Criminology, 35(2), 165–186.
Haworth, B., Bruce, E. & Iveson, K. (2013) Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Graffiti Occurrence in an Inner-City Urban Environment, Applied Geography, 38, 53–63.
Krauthausen, P. (2018) Exploring Soccer-Related Graffiti by Applying Geospatial Technology, Geographic Information Systems and Statistical Approaches – A Case Study in Krakow, Poland. Unpublished Master Thesis, Department of Geography and Regional Research, University of Vienna, Austria.
Levine, N. (2015) CrimeStat: A Spatial Statistics Program for the Analysis of Crime Incident Locations (v 4.02), Ned Levine & Associates, Houston, Texas, and the National Institute of Justice, Washington, D.C.
Lombard, K.-J. (2012) Art Crimes: The Governance of Hip Hop Graffiti, Journal for Cultural Research, 17(3), 255–278.
Lukac, S. (2014) When Writing Turns Savage: Contextualizing Anti-Semitic Graffiti on the Streets of Krakow and Budapest. Master’s Thesis, Central European University, Budapest.
Mann, C. (2009) The World’s Most Violent Football Rivalries, sportslens. Available from: http://sportslens.com/most-violent-football-rivalries/36725/ [accessed: 20.05.2019].
McGirr, D. (2017) Policing the Krakow Derby – ‘The Holy War’. Available from: http://krakowexpats.pl/safety/policing-the-krakow-derby-the-holy-war/ [accessed: 20.05.2019].
Morgan, A. & Louis, E. (2009) Key Issues in Graffiti, Australian Institute of Criminology, Canberra.
Sagl, G. (2008) Evaluation of Geospatial Video Data Acquisition: A Case Study in New Orleans, Louisiana, Unpublished Diploma Thesis, School of Geoinformation, Carinthia University of Applied Sciences, Villach, Austria.
Sommerey, M. (2010) Die Jugendkultur der Ultras. Zur Entstehung einer neuen Generation von Fußballfans, ibidem, Stuttgart [in German].
Stowers, G. C. (1997) Graffiti Art: An Essay Concerning the Recognition of Some Forms of Graffiti as Art,
Available from: https://www.graffiti.org/faq/stowers.html [accessed: 20.05.2019].
Trzepacz, P. (2018) Polish-English Vocabulary of the Football Graffiti Content in Krakow, unpublished manuscript, Jagiellonian University, Krakow.
Vanderween, G. & Van Eijk, G. (2015) Criminal but Beautiful: A Study on Graffiti and the Role of Value Judgments and Context in Perceiving Disorder, European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 22(1), 107–125.
Weisel, D. L. (2002) Graffiti, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, U.S. Department of Justice: Problem-oriented guides for police series (9).
Wilson, J. Q. & Kelling, G. L. (1982) Broken Windows – The Police and Neighborhood Safety, The Atlantic Online.
Available from: https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1982/03/broken-windows/304465/ [accessed: 20.05.2019].
Wisla Krakow Vs MKS Cracovia: The Holy War (2008) Bleacher Report.
Available from: http://bleacherreport.com/articles/60684-wisla-krakow-vs-mks-cracovia-the-holy-war [accessed: 20.05.2019].
Znajewska, A., Stańczak, J., Cierniak-Piotrowska, M., Stelmach, K., Urbanowicz, M. & Kostrzewa, Z. (2017) Population. Size and Structure and Vital Statistics in Poland by Territorial Division in 2016, Central Statistical Office, Warsaw.
Internet sources
Cracovia Homepage: https://en.cracovia.pl/football/club/history [accessed: 28.04.2019].
Footballhistory: https://www.footballhistory.org/club/wisla-krakow.html [accessed: 28.04.2019].
‘Graffiti’, Oxford Dictionary: http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/graffiti [accessed: 20.05.2019].
Historia Wisly: http://historiawisly.pl/wiki/index.php?title=Cracovia_%28Derby%29_-_statystyka [accessed: 28.04.2019] [in Polish].
Hutnik Krakow Homepage: http://www.nh2010.pl/index.html [accessed: 28.04.2019) [in Polish].
Open Street Map: https://www.openstreetmap.org [accessed: 27.05.2019].
Transfermarkt: https://www.transfermarkt.at/ekstraklasa/besucherzahlen/wettbewerb/PL1 [accessed: 28.04.2019] [in German].
Transfermarkt: https://www.transfermarkt.at/hutnik-krakow/startseite/verein/530 [accessed: 28.04.2019] [in German].
Baird, J. A. & Taylor, C., eds., (2011) Ancient Graffiti in Context, Routledge, New York.
Blickfang Ultra (2008) Ultra. Eine Subkultur?! Blickfang Ultra, 2(8), 46–51 [in German].
Bogacka, E. & Siniecka, A. (2017) Graffiti jako przejaw aktywności kibiców w przestrzeni miejskiej. Przykład Poznania, Rozwój Regionalny i Polityka Regionalna, 37, 77–86 [in Polish].
Cardais, S. A. & Boissevain, J. (2011) Around the Bloc: Krakow Gets Tough on Graffiti, Chechen Poet Slain in Moscow, Transitions Online, 11(22), 29–31.
Curtis, A., Mills, J. W., Kennedy, B., Fotheringham, S. & McCarthy, T. (2007) Understanding the Geography of Post-Traumatic Stress: An Academic Justification for Using a Spatial Video Acquisition System in the Response to Hurricane Katrina, Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, 15(4), 208–219.
Grün, A. (2016) Ultras und Graffiti – Ein Aufeinandertreffen zweier Subkulturen, [in:] G. Duttler & B. Haigis, eds., Ultras. Eine Fankultur im Spannungsfeld unterschiedlicher Subkulturen, Kulturen der Gesellschaft 17, Bielefeld, 157–172 [in German].
Guthrie, R. D. (2005) The Nature of Paleolithic Art, University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Gyan, D., 25.08.2017, In Krakow, Arch Rivals Separated by
a Narrow Field, Soccer in NY. Available from: https://soccerinnyc.com/2017/08/25/in-krakow-arch-rivals-separated-by-a-narrow-field/
[accessed: 20.05.2019].
Halsey, M. & Young, A. (2002) The Meanings of Graffiti and Municipal Administration, The Australien and New Zealand Journal of
Criminology, 35(2), 165–186.
Haworth, B., Bruce, E. & Iveson, K. (2013) Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Graffiti Occurrence in an Inner-City Urban Environment, Applied Geography, 38, 53–63.
Krauthausen, P. (2018) Exploring Soccer-Related Graffiti by Applying Geospatial Technology, Geographic Information Systems and Statistical Approaches – A Case Study in Krakow, Poland. Unpublished Master Thesis, Department of Geography and Regional Research, University of Vienna, Austria.
Levine, N. (2015) CrimeStat: A Spatial Statistics Program for the Analysis of Crime Incident Locations (v 4.02), Ned Levine & Associates, Houston, Texas, and the National Institute of Justice, Washington, D.C.
Lombard, K.-J. (2012) Art Crimes: The Governance of Hip Hop Graffiti, Journal for Cultural Research, 17(3), 255–278.
Lukac, S. (2014) When Writing Turns Savage: Contextualizing Anti-Semitic Graffiti on the Streets of Krakow and Budapest. Master’s Thesis, Central European University, Budapest.
Mann, C. (2009) The World’s Most Violent Football Rivalries, sportslens. Available from: http://sportslens.com/most-violent-football-rivalries/36725/ [accessed: 20.05.2019].
McGirr, D. (2017) Policing the Krakow Derby – ‘The Holy War’. Available from: http://krakowexpats.pl/safety/policing-the-krakow-derby-the-holy-war/ [accessed: 20.05.2019].
Morgan, A. & Louis, E. (2009) Key Issues in Graffiti, Australian Institute of Criminology, Canberra.
Sagl, G. (2008) Evaluation of Geospatial Video Data Acquisition: A Case Study in New Orleans, Louisiana, Unpublished Diploma Thesis, School of Geoinformation, Carinthia University of Applied Sciences, Villach, Austria.
Sommerey, M. (2010) Die Jugendkultur der Ultras. Zur Entstehung einer neuen Generation von Fußballfans, ibidem, Stuttgart [in German].
Stowers, G. C. (1997) Graffiti Art: An Essay Concerning the Recognition of Some Forms of Graffiti as Art,
Available from: https://www.graffiti.org/faq/stowers.html [accessed: 20.05.2019].
Trzepacz, P. (2018) Polish-English Vocabulary of the Football Graffiti Content in Krakow, unpublished manuscript, Jagiellonian University, Krakow.
Vanderween, G. & Van Eijk, G. (2015) Criminal but Beautiful: A Study on Graffiti and the Role of Value Judgments and Context in Perceiving Disorder, European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 22(1), 107–125.
Weisel, D. L. (2002) Graffiti, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, U.S. Department of Justice: Problem-oriented guides for police series (9).
Wilson, J. Q. & Kelling, G. L. (1982) Broken Windows – The Police and Neighborhood Safety, The Atlantic Online.
Available from: https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/1982/03/broken-windows/304465/ [accessed: 20.05.2019].
Wisla Krakow Vs MKS Cracovia: The Holy War (2008) Bleacher Report.
Available from: http://bleacherreport.com/articles/60684-wisla-krakow-vs-mks-cracovia-the-holy-war [accessed: 20.05.2019].
Znajewska, A., Stańczak, J., Cierniak-Piotrowska, M., Stelmach, K., Urbanowicz, M. & Kostrzewa, Z. (2017) Population. Size and Structure and Vital Statistics in Poland by Territorial Division in 2016, Central Statistical Office, Warsaw.
Internet sources
Cracovia Homepage: https://en.cracovia.pl/football/club/history [accessed: 28.04.2019].
Footballhistory: https://www.footballhistory.org/club/wisla-krakow.html [accessed: 28.04.2019].
‘Graffiti’, Oxford Dictionary: http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/graffiti [accessed: 20.05.2019].
Historia Wisly: http://historiawisly.pl/wiki/index.php?title=Cracovia_%28Derby%29_-_statystyka [accessed: 28.04.2019] [in Polish].
Hutnik Krakow Homepage: http://www.nh2010.pl/index.html [accessed: 28.04.2019) [in Polish].
Open Street Map: https://www.openstreetmap.org [accessed: 27.05.2019].
Transfermarkt: https://www.transfermarkt.at/ekstraklasa/besucherzahlen/wettbewerb/PL1 [accessed: 28.04.2019] [in German].
Transfermarkt: https://www.transfermarkt.at/hutnik-krakow/startseite/verein/530 [accessed: 28.04.2019] [in German].